Fünf evidenzbasierte Heuristiken für den Einsatz von Video in der universitären Lehrerausbildung

This article provides a research synthesis on the use of video in pre-service teacher education. Common ideas and evidences concerning the use of video in pre-service teacher education are reviewed. Based on the state-of-the-art in using video, five research-based heuristics are derived. Research findings of a number of studies are further used to illustrate the specification of heuristics. Specifically, a set of rules of thumb about when, how, and why to use video is presented to clarify the strengths and limitations of video as a medium to support pre-service teacher learning. (DIPF/Orig.)Der Beitrag liefert eine Forschungssynthese zur Nutzung von Video in der universitären Lehrerausbildung. Die Forschung wird dahingehend zusammengefasst, welche Ideen derzeit verfolgt werden und welche Evidenzen zur Nutzung von Video vorliegen. Basierend auf dem Forschungsstand leiten die Autoren fünf forschungsbasierte Heuristiken zum Einsatz von Video ab. Die Forschungsergebnisse einer Reihe ausgewählter Studien werden genutzt, um die Heuristiken weiter zu spezifizieren. Es werden Erfahrungsregeln vorgestellt, wann, wie und warum Video in der universitären Lehrerbildung eingesetzt werden kann. Die Erfahrungsregeln sollen helfen, Stärken und Schwächen von Video als ein Medium zur Unterstützung des Lernens von Lehramtsstudierenden zu klären. (DIPF/Orig.

Analyses of pig genomes provide insight into porcine demography and evolution

For 10,000 years pigs and humans have shared a close and complex relationship. From domestication to modern breeding practices, humans have shaped the genomes of domestic pigs. Here we present the assembly and analysis of the genome sequence of a female domestic Duroc pig (Sus scrofa) and a comparison with the genomes of wild and domestic pigs from Europe and Asia. Wild pigs emerged in South East Asia and subsequently spread across Eurasia. Our results reveal a deep phylogenetic split between European and Asian wild boars ∼1 million years ago, and a selective sweep analysis indicates selection on genes involved in RNA processing and regulation. Genes associated with immune response and olfaction exhibit fast evolution. Pigs have the largest repertoire of functional olfactory receptor genes, reflecting the importance of smell in this scavenging animal. The pig genome sequence provides an important resource for further improvements of this important livestock species, and our identification of many putative disease-causing variants extends the potential of the pig as a biomedical model

„Observer“ – Validierung eines videobasierten Instruments zur Erfassung der professionellen Wahrnehmung von Unterricht. Projekt OBSERVE

Die professionelle Wahrnehmung von Unterricht stellt einen zentralen Bestandteil von Lehrerexpertise dar. Sie zeigt an wie Lehrpersonen Unterricht professionell beobachten und interpretieren und sollte bereits früh im Studium ausgebildet werden. Voraussetzung dafür bilden adäquate Methoden zur Erfassung von Kompetenzen im Bereich der professionellen Wahrnehmung von Unterricht. Bisher fehlt es allerdings an standardisierten und dennoch kontextualisierten Instrumenten, um die Struktur und die Entwicklung professioneller Unterrichtswahrnehmung adäquat zu erfassen und zu beschreiben. Ein zentrales Ziel des Projekts Observe stellt die Entwicklung eines videobasierten, standardisierten Diagnoseinstruments zu Erfassung professioneller Unterrichtswahrnehmung dar, welches die in der Lehrerforschung bisher eingesetzten „weichen“ Instrumente deutlich erweitert. In diesem Beitrag wird über (1) den theoretischen Ansatz und die Fragestellungen, (2) die Methode im Sinne der Instrumentenentwicklung und Pilotierungsstudie, sowie (3) über die Ergebnisse nach einem Jahr Projektarbeit berichtet. In diesem Zeitraum konnte durch die Kombination aus videographierten Unterrichtssequenzen und standardisierten Rating-Items ein inhaltlich valides Instrument entwickelt werden. Zudem zeigen die Ergebnisse aus der Pilotierungsstudie (N=40 Lehramtsstudierende), dass es mit dem OBSERVER gelingt, eine hohe Akzeptanz bei Lehramtsstudierenden in Bezug auf die Bearbeitung des Instruments Observers zu erreichen. (DIPF/Autor

Deammonifisering av Rejekt Forbehandlet med Termisk Hydrolyse

Cambi sin termiske hydrolyse prosess(THP) er en kjent og effektiv forbehandlingsprosess for slam før den stabiliseres i en råtnetank. Vannstrømmen som resulterer etter at det fordøyde slammet er avvannet, er rik på ammonium og kalles rejekt. Deammonifisering er en energieffektiv og kjent mikrobiell nitrogenfjerningsprosess for rejekt hvor ammonium omdannes til nitrogengass via nitritt, uten behov for en tilgjengelig karbonkilde. Denne prosessen utføres av ammonium oksiderende bakterier(AOB) og anaerobe ammonium oksiderende bakterier(anammox). Rejekt fra en råtnetank med THP forbehandling har en høyere konsentrasjon av ammonium og kjemisk oksygenforbruk(KOF) sammenlignet med konvensjonelt rejekt. Deammonifisering av THP rejekt har vist seg å være mindre effektivt enn for konvensjonelt rejekt, og det spekuleres i om det er de høye KOF-konsentrasjonene som virker inhiberende på prosessen. Målet med dette arbeidet var å undersøke mulige hemmende virkninger på deammonifiseringsprosessen fra ulike KOF-fraksjoner som finnes i THP rejekt. Dette inkluderte også undersøkelser av mulig tilstedeværelse av heterotrofe organismer grunnet tilgjengeligheten av bionedbrytbart KOF. Deammonifisering av THP rejekt i IFAS ANITA Mox prosessen ble undersøkt i både simuleringer og laboratorieforsøk. Kun anammox biomassen, som vokste på K5 bærere, ble undersøkt i laboratorieforsøkene. Simuleringene viste konkurranse mellom heterotrofe organismer og AOB, konsentrasjonen av AOB i prosessen ble redusert når fraksjonene med bionedbrytbart KOF økte. Ingen tydelige observasjoner av inhibering av anammox ble observert. Laboratorieforsøkene viste tilstedeværelse av heterotrofe denitrifiserende bakterier som konkurrerte med anammox. En høyere konkurranse for nitritt ble observert for økende eksponering av THP rejekt, også for THP rejekt med reduserte KOF-konsentrasjoner. Reduksjon i de større KOF-fraksjonene i THP rejektet minket anammox aktiviteten, mens reduksjon i de mindre KOF-fraksjonene økte anammox aktiviteten. Både simuleringene og laboratorieforsøkene indikerte at de minste og bionedbrytbare KOF-forbindelsene ga en høyere vekst og konkurranse fra heterotrofe organismer, som resulterte i at ytelsen til den deammonifiserende biomassen ble svekket. Resultatene kunne verken utelukke eller konkludere med at andre forbindelser tilstede i THP rejektet virket inhiberende på prosessen

Additional file 18: of Genetic determinants of anti-malarial acquired immunity in a large multi-centre study

Additional Figure SF6: Forest plot of the association of A: CD36 (rs3211938), B: LOC441108 (rs2522051), C: RTN3 (rs542998) and D: P4HA2 (rs156029) with antibody levels to AMA1, MSP1, MSP2 and NANP. Forest plots of the betas obtained from meta-analysis of results obtained from linear regression models of SNP with logged antibody levels, adjusted for relevant clinical covariates

Analyses of pig genomes provide insight into porcine demography and evolution

For 10,000 years pigs and humans have shared a close and complex relationship. From domestication to modern breeding practices, humans have shaped the genomes of domestic pigs. Here we present the assembly and analysis of the genome sequence of a female domestic Duroc pig (Sus scrofa) and a comparison with the genomes of wild and domestic pigs from Europe and Asia. Wild pigs emerged in South East Asia and subsequently spread across Eurasia. Our results reveal a deep phylogenetic split between European and Asian wild boars ~1 million years ago, and a selective sweep analysis indicates selection on genes involved in RNA processing and regulation. Genes associated with immune response and olfaction exhibit fast evolution. Pigs have the largest repertoire of functional olfactory receptor genes, reflecting the importance of smell in this scavenging animal. The pig genome sequence provides an important resource for further improvements of this important livestock species, and our identification of many putative disease-causing variants extends the potential of the pig as a biomedical model.This is an article from Nature 491 (2012): 393, doi:10.1038/nature11622. Posted with permission.</p

Human candidate gene polymorphisms and risk of severe malaria in children in Kilifi, Kenya: a case-control association study

Background: Human genetic factors are important determinants of malaria risk. We investigated associations between multiple candidate polymorphisms—many related to the structure or function of red blood cells—and risk for severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria and its specific phenotypes, including cerebral malaria, severe malaria anaemia, and respiratory distress. Methods: We did a case-control study in Kilifi County, Kenya. We recruited as cases children presenting with severe malaria to the high-dependency ward of Kilifi County Hospital. We included as controls infants born in the local community between Aug 1, 2006, and Sept 30, 2010, who were part of a genetics study. We tested for associations between a range of candidate malaria-protective genes and risk for severe malaria and its specific phenotypes. We used a permutation approach to account for multiple comparisons between polymorphisms and severe malaria. We judged p values less than 0·005 significant for the primary analysis of the association between candidate genes and severe malaria. Findings: Between June 11, 1995, and June 12, 2008, 2244 children with severe malaria were recruited to the study, and 3949 infants were included as controls. Overall, 263 (12%) of 2244 children with severe malaria died in hospital, including 196 (16%) of 1233 with cerebral malaria. We investigated 121 polymorphisms in 70 candidate severe malaria-associated genes. We found significant associations between risk for severe malaria overall and polymorphisms in 15 genes or locations, of which most were related to red blood cells: ABO, ATP2B4, ARL14, CD40LG, FREM3, INPP4B, G6PD, HBA (both HBA1 and HBA2), HBB, IL10, LPHN2 (also known as ADGRL2), LOC727982, RPS6KL1, CAND1, and GNAS. Combined, these genetic associations accounted for 5·2% of the variance in risk for developing severe malaria among individuals in the general population. We confirmed established associations between severe malaria and sickle-cell trait (odds ratio [OR] 0·15, 95% CI 0·11–0·20; p=2·61 × 10−58), blood group O (0·74, 0·66–0·82; p=6·26 × 10−8), and –α3·7-thalassaemia (0·83, 0·76–0·90; p=2·06 × 10−6). We also found strong associations between overall risk of severe malaria and polymorphisms in both ATP2B4 (OR 0·76, 95% CI 0·63–0·92; p=0·001) and FREM3 (0·64, 0·53–0·79; p=3·18 × 10−14). The association with FREM3 could be accounted for by linkage disequilibrium with a complex structural mutation within the glycophorin gene region (comprising GYPA, GYPB, and GYPE) that encodes for the rare Dantu blood group antigen. Heterozygosity for Dantu was associated with risk for severe malaria (OR 0·57, 95% CI 0·49–0·68; p=3·22 × 10−11), as was homozygosity (0·26, 0·11–0·62; p=0·002). Interpretation: Both ATP2B4 and the Dantu blood group antigen are associated with the structure and function of red blood cells. ATP2B4 codes for plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 4 (the major calcium pump on red blood cells) and the glycophorins are ligands for parasites to invade red blood cells. Future work should aim at uncovering the mechanisms by which these polymorphisms can result in severe malaria protection and investigate the implications of these associations for wider health. Funding: Wellcome Trust, UK Medical Research Council, European Union, and Foundation for the National Institutes of Health as part of the Bill & Melinda Gates Grand Challenges in Global Health Initiative